Company overview:

Larsen & Toubro Limited ("the Company") is an Indian multinational engaged in EPC Projects, Hi-Tech Manufacturing and Services. The Company operates in over 50 countries worldwide. A strong, customer-focused approach and the constant quest for top-class quality have enabled the Company to attain and sustain leadership in its major lines of business for over eight decades.

The Company is engaged in core, high impact sectors of the economy and its integrated capabilities span the entire spectrum of 'design to delivery'. Every aspect of Company's businesses is characterised by professionalism and high standards of corporate governance. Sustainability is embedded into its long-term strategy for growth.

The Company's manufacturing footprint extends across eight countries in addition to India. The Company has several international offices and a supply chain that extends around the globe.

NOTE [1](II)

Significant Accounting Policies

(a) Statement of compliance

The Company's financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act, 2013 and the Indian Accounting Standards ("Ind AS") notified under the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 and amendments thereto issued by Ministry of Corporate Affairs under section 133 of the Companies Act, 2013. In addition, the guidance notes/announcements issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI) are also applied except where compliance with other statutory promulgations require a different treatment. These financials statements have been approved for issue by the Board of Directors at its meeting held on May 10, 2023.

(b) Basis of accounting

The Company maintains its accounts on accrual basis following historical cost convention, except for certain assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value in accordance with Ind AS.

Fair value measurements are categorised as below based on the degree to which the inputs to the fair value measurements are observable and the significance of the inputs to the fair value measurement in its entirety:

• Level 1 inputs are quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company can access at measurement date;

• Level 2 inputs are inputs, other than quoted prices included in level 1, that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly; and

• Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the valuation of assets or liabilities.

Above levels of fair value hierarchy are applied consistently and generally, there are no transfers between the levels of the fair value hierarchy unless the circumstances change warranting such transfer.

(c) Presentation of financial statements

The Balance Sheet, the Statement of Profit and Loss and the Statement of Changes in Equity are prepared and presented in the format prescribed in the Schedule III to the Companies Act, 2013 (the Act). The Statement of Cash Flows has been prepared and presented in accordance with Ind AS 7 "Statement of Cash Flows". The disclosures with respect to items in the Balance Sheet and Statement of Profit and Loss, as prescribed in the Schedule III to the Act, are presented by way of notes forming part of the financial statements along with the other notes required to be disclosed under the notified Accounting Standards and the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015 as amended.

Amounts in the financial statements are presented in Indian Rupee in crore [1 crore = 10 million] rounded off to two decimal places as permitted by Schedule III to the Act. Per share data are presented in Indian Rupee to two decimals places.

(d) Operating cycle for current and non-current classification

Operating cycle for the business activities of the Company covers the duration of the specific project or contract or product line or service including the defect liability period wherever applicable and extends up to the realisation of receivables (including retention monies) within the agreed credit period normally applicable to the respective lines of business.

(e) Revenue recognition

Revenue from contracts with customers is recognised when a performance obligation is satisfied by transfer of promised goods or services to a customer.

For performance obligation satisfied over time, the revenue recognition is done by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of performance obligation. The progress is measured in terms of a proportion of actual cost incurred to-date, to the total estimated cost attributable to the performance obligation.

The Company transfers control of a good or service over time and therefore satisfies a performance obligation and recognises revenue over a period of time if one of the following criteria is met:

(a) the customer simultaneously consumes the benefit of the Company's performance or

(b) the customer controls the asset as it is being created/ enhanced by the Company's performance or

(c) there is no alternative use of the asset and the Company has either explicit or implicit right of payment considering legal precedents,

In all other cases, performance obligation is considered as satisfied at a point in time.

The revenue is recognised to the extent of transaction price allocated to the performance obligation satisfied. Transaction price is the amount of consideration to which the Company expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer excluding amounts collected on behalf of a third party. The Company includes variable consideration as part of transaction price when there is a basis to reasonably estimate the amount of the variable consideration and when it is probable that a significant reversal of cumulative revenue recognised will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Variable consideration is estimated using the expected value method or most likely amount as appropriate in a given circumstance. Payment terms agreed with a customer are as per business practice and the financing component, if significant, is separated from the transaction price and accounted as interest income.

Costs to obtain a contract which are incurred regardless of whether the contract was obtained are charged-off in profit or loss immediately in the period in which such costs are incurred. Incremental costs of obtaining a contract, if any, and costs incurred to fulfil a contract are amortised over the period of execution of the contract in proportion to the progress measured in terms of a proportion of actual cost incurred to-date, to the total estimated cost attributable to the performance obligation.

Significant judgments are used in:

a. Determining the revenue to be recognised in case of performance obligation satisfied over a period of time; revenue recognition is done by measuring the progress towards complete satisfaction of performance obligation.

b. Determining the expected losses, which are recognised in the period in which such losses become probable based on the expected total contract cost as at the reporting date.

c. Determining the method to be applied to arrive at the variable consideration requiring an adjustment to the transaction price.

(i) Revenue from operations

Revenue includes adjustments made towards liquidated damages and variation wherever applicable. Escalation and other claims, which are not ascertainable/acknowledged by customers are not taken into account.

A. Revenue from sale of manufactured and traded goods including contracts for supply/commissioning of complex plant and equipment is recognised as follows:

Revenue is recognised when the control of the same is transferred to the customer and it is probable that the Company will collect the consideration to which it is entitled for the exchanged goods. Revenue from commissioning of complex plant and equipment is recognised either 'over time' or 'in time' based on an assessment of the transfer of control as per the terms of the contract.

B. Revenue from construction/project related activity is recognised as follows:

• Cost plus contracts: Revenue from cost plus contracts is recognised over time and is determined with reference to the extent performance obligations have been satisfied. The amount of transaction price allocated to the performance obligations satisfied represents the recoverable costs incurred during the period plus the margin as agreed with the customer.

• Fixed price contracts: Contract revenue is recognised over time to the extent of performance obligation satisfied and control is transferred to the customer. Contract revenue is recognised at allocable transaction price which represents

the cost of work performed on the contract plus proportionate margin, using the percentage of completion method. Percentage of completion is the proportion of cost of work performed to-date, to the total estimated contract costs.

For contracts where the aggregate of contract cost incurred to date plus recognised profits (or minus recognised losses as the case may be) exceeds the progress billing, the surplus is shown as contract asset and termed as "Due from customers". For contracts where progress billing exceeds the aggregate of contract costs incurred to-date plus recognised profits (or minus recognised losses, as the case may be), the surplus is shown as contract liability and termed as "Due to customers". Amounts received before the related work is performed are disclosed in the Balance Sheet as contract liability and termed as "Advances from customer". The amounts billed on customer for work performed and are unconditionally due for payment i.e. only passage of time is required before payment falls due, are disclosed in the Balance Sheet as trade receivables. The amount of retention money held by the customers pending completion of performance milestone is disclosed as part of contract asset and is reclassified as trade receivables when it becomes due for payment.

Impairment loss (termed as provision for foreseeable losses in the financial statements) is recognised in profit or loss to the extent the carrying amount of the contract asset exceeds the remaining amount of consideration that the Company expects to receive towards remaining performance obligations (after deducting the costs that relate directly to fulfill such remaining performance obligations). The Company recognises impairment loss (termed as provision for expected credit loss on contract assets in the financial statements) on account of credit risk in respect of a contract asset using expected credit loss model on similar basis as applicable to trade receivables.

C. Revenue from property development activities is recognised when performance obligation is satisfied, customer obtains control of the property transferred and a reasonable expectation of collection of the sale consideration from the customer exists.

D. Revenue from rendering of services is recognised over time as the customer receives the benefit of the Company's performance and the Company has an enforceable right to payment for services transferred.

Unbilled revenue represents value of services performed in accordance with the contract terms but not billed.

E. Revenue from contracts for rendering of engineering design services and other services which are directly related to the construction of an asset is recognised on the same basis as stated in (B) supra.

F. Commission income is recognised as the terms of the contract are fulfilled.

G. Course fees/subscription income is recognised over time as per the course/subscription duration and agreed terms.

H. Other operational revenue represents income earned from the activities incidental to the business and is recognised when the performance obligation is satisfied and right to receive the income is established as per the terms of the contract.

(ii) Other income

A. Interest income on investments and loans is accrued on a time basis by reference to the principal outstanding and the effective interest rate including interest on investments classified as fair value through profit or loss or fair value through other comprehensive income. Interest receivable on customer dues is recognised as income in the Statement of Profit and Loss on accrual basis provided there is no uncertainty of realisation.

B. Dividend income is accounted in the period in which the right to receive the same is established.

C. Government grants, which are revenue in nature and are towards compensation for the qualifying costs incurred by the Company, are recognised as other income/reduced from underlying expenses in profit or loss in the period in which such costs are incurred. Government grants related to an asset are reduced from the cost of an asset until the asset is ready to use and the grant post that is presented as deferred income. Subsequently the grant is recognised as income in profit or loss on a systematic basis over the expected useful life of the related asset. Government grant receivable in the form of duty credit scrips is recognised as other income in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which the export is done or the application is made to the government authorities and to the extent there is no uncertainty towards its receipt.

D. Other items of income are accounted as and when the right to receive such income arises and it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the Company and the amount of income can be measured reliably.

(f) Exceptional items

An item of income or expense which by its size, type or incidence requires disclosure in order to improve an understanding of the performance of the Company is treated as an exceptional item and disclosed as such in the financial statements.

(g) Property, plant and equipment (PPE)

PPE is recognised when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost of the item can be measured reliably. PPE is stated at original cost net of tax/duty credits availed, if any, less accumulated depreciation and cumulative impairment, if any. All directly attributable costs related to the acquisition of PPE and, borrowing costs in case of qualifying assets are capitalised in accordance with the Company's accounting policy.

Own manufactured PPE is capitalised at cost including an appropriate share of overheads. Administrative and other general overhead expenses that are specifically attributable to construction or acquisition of PPE or bringing the PPE to working condition are allocated and capitalised as a part of the cost of the PPE.

Subsequent costs are included in the asset's carrying amount or recognised as a separate asset, as appropriate, only when it is probable that future economic benefits associated with the item will flow to the Company and the cost can be measured reliably.

PPE not ready for the intended use on the date of the Balance Sheet are disclosed as "capital work-in-progress". (Also refer to the policies on leases, borrowing costs, impairment of assets and foreign currency transactions infra).

Depreciation is recognised using straight-line method so as to write off the cost of the assets (other than freehold land and capital work-in-progress) less their residual values over their useful lives specified in Schedule II to the Companies Act, 2013, or in the case of assets where the useful life was determined by technical evaluation, over the useful life so determined.

Depreciation charge for impaired assets is adjusted in future periods in such a manner that the revised carrying amount of the asset is allocated over its remaining useful life.

Depreciation method is reviewed at each financial year end to reflect the expected pattern of consumption of the future economic benefits embodied in the asset. The estimated useful life and residual values are also reviewed at each financial year end and the effect of any change in the estimates of useful life/residual value is accounted on prospective basis.

Where cost of a part of the asset ("asset component") is significant to total cost of the asset and useful life of that part is different from the useful life of the remaining asset, useful life of that significant part is determined separately and such asset component is depreciated over its separate useful life.

Depreciation on additions to/deductions from, owned assets is calculated pro rata to the period of use.

PPE is derecognised upon disposal or when no future economic benefits are expected from its use or disposal. Any gain or loss arising on derecognition is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the same period.

(h) Investment property

Properties, including those under construction, held to earn rentals and/or capital appreciation are classified as investment property and are measured and reported at cost, including transaction costs and borrowing cost capitalised for qualifying assets, in accordance with the Company's accounting policy. Policies with respect to depreciation, useful life and derecognition are followed on the same basis as stated for PPE supra.

(i) Intangible assets

Intangible assets are recognised when it is probable that the future economic benefits that are attributable to the asset will flow to the Company and the cost of the asset can be measured reliably. Intangible assets are stated at original cost net of tax/duty credits availed, if any, less accumulated amortisation and cumulative impairment. All directly attributable costs and other administrative and other general overhead expenses that are specifically attributable to acquisition of intangible assets are allocated and capitalised as a part of the cost of the intangible assets. Research and development expenditure on new products:

(i) Expenditure on research is expensed under respective heads of account in the period in which it is incurred.

(ii) Development expenditure on new products is capitalised as intangible asset, if all of the following can be demonstrated:

A. the technical feasibility of completing the intangible asset so that it will be available for use or sale;

B. the Company has intention to complete the intangible asset and use or sell it;

C. the Company has ability to use or sell the intangible asset;

D. the manner in which the probable future economic benefits will be generated including the existence of a market for output of the intangible asset or intangible asset itself or if it is to be used internally, the usefulness of intangible assets;

E. the availability of adequate technical, financial and other resources to complete the development and to use or sell the intangible asset; and

F. the Company has ability to reliably measure the expenditure attributable to the intangible asset during its development. Development expenditure that does not meet the above criteria is expensed in the period in which it is incurred.

Intangible assets not ready for the intended use on the date of the Balance Sheet are disclosed as "intangible assets under development".

Intangible assets are amortised on straight-line basis over the estimated useful life. The method of amortisation and useful life are reviewed at the end of each financial year with the effect of any changes in the estimate being accounted for on a prospective basis.

Amortisation on impaired assets is provided by adjusting the amortisation charge in the remaining periods so as to allocate the asset's revised carrying amount over its remaining useful life.

(j) Impairment of assets

As at the end of each financial year, the carrying amounts of PPE, investment property, intangible assets and investments in subsidiary, associate and joint venture companies are reviewed to determine whether there is any indication that those assets have suffered an impairment loss. If such indication exists, PPE, investment property, intangible assets and investments in subsidiary, associate and joint venture companies are tested for impairment so as to determine the impairment loss, if any. Intangible assets with indefinite life are tested for impairment each year.

Impairment loss is recognised when the carrying amount of an asset exceeds its recoverable amount. Recoverable amount is determined:

(i) in the case of an individual asset, at the higher of the fair value less costs to sell and the value-in-use; and

(ii) in the case of a cash generating unit (the smallest identifiable group of assets that generates independent cash flows), at the higher

of the cash generating unit's fair value less costs to sell and the value-in-use.

(The amount of value-in-use is determined as the present value of estimated future cash flows from the continuing use of an asset,

which may vary based on the future performance of the Company and from its disposal at the end of its useful life. For this purpose, the

discount rate (pre-tax) is determined based on the weighted average cost of capital of the company suitably adjusted for risks specified to the estimated cash flows of the asset).

If recoverable amount of an asset (or cash generating unit) is estimated to be less than its carrying amount, such deficit is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss as impairment loss and the carrying amount of the asset (or cash generating unit) is reduced to its recoverable amount.

When an impairment loss subsequently reverses, the carrying amount of the asset (or cash generating unit) is increased to the revised estimate of its recoverable amount, such that the increased carrying amount does not exceed the carrying amount that would have been determined had no impairment loss is recognised for the asset (or cash generating unit) in prior years. A reversal of an impairment loss is recognised immediately in the Statement of Profit and Loss.

(k) Employee Benefits

(i) Short term employee benefits:

Employee benefits such as salaries, wages, short term compensated absences, bonus, ex-gratia and performance-linked rewards falling due wholly within twelve months of rendering the service are classified as short-term employee benefits and are expensed in the period in which the employee renders the service.

(ii) Post-employment benefits:

A. Defined contribution plans: The Company's superannuation scheme, state governed provident fund scheme, employee state insurance scheme and employee pension scheme are defined contribution plans. The contribution paid/payable under the schemes is recognised during the period in which the employee renders the service.

B. Defined benefit plans: The employees' gratuity fund schemes and employee provident fund schemes managed by board of trustees established by the Company, the post-retirement medical care plan and the company pension plan represent defined benefit plans. The present value of the obligation under defined benefit plans is determined based on actuarial valuation using the Projected Unit Credit Method.

The obligation towards defined benefit plans is measured at the present value of the estimated future cash flows using a discount rate based on the market yield on government securities of a maturity period equivalent to the weighted average maturity profile of the defined benefit obligations at the Balance Sheet date.

Re-measurement, comprising actuarial gains and losses, the return on plan assets (excluding amounts included in net interest on the net defined benefit liability or asset) and any change in the effect of asset ceiling (if applicable) is recognised in other comprehensive income and is reflected in retained earnings and the same is not eligible to be reclassified to profit or loss.

Defined benefit costs comprising current service cost, past service cost and gains or losses on settlements are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as employee benefits expense. Interest cost implicit in defined benefit employee cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss under finance costs. Gains or losses on settlement of any defined benefit plan are recognised when the settlement occurs. Past service cost is recognised as expense at the earlier of the plan amendment or curtailment and when the Company recognises related restructuring costs or termination benefits.

In case of funded plans, the fair value of the plan assets is reduced from the gross obligation under the defined benefit plans to recognise the obligation on a net basis.

(iii) Long-term employee benefits:

The obligation recognised in respect of long-term benefits such as compensated absences, long service award etc. is measured at present value of estimated future cash flows expected to be made by the Company and is recognised in a similar manner as in the case of defined benefit plans vide (ii)(B) supra.

Long-term employee benefit costs comprising current service cost and gains or losses on curtailments and settlements, re-measurements including actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss as employee benefits expenses. Interest cost implicit in long-term employee benefit cost is recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss under finance costs.

(iv) Termination benefits:

Termination benefits such as compensation under employee separation schemes are recognised as expense when the Company's offer of the termination benefit can no longer be withdrawn or when the Company recognises the related restructuring costs whichever is earlier.

(l) Leases

Assets taken on lease are accounted as right-of-use assets and the corresponding lease liability is recognised at the lease commencement date.

Initially the right-of-use asset is measured at cost which comprises the initial amount of the lease liability adjusted for any lease payments made at or before the commencement date, plus any initial direct costs incurred and an estimate of costs to dismantle and remove the underlying asset or to restore the underlying asset or the site on which it is located, as reduced by any lease incentives received.

The lease liability is initially measured at the present value of the lease payments, discounted using the Company's incremental borrowing rate. It is remeasured when there is a change in future lease payments arising from a change in an index or a rate, or a change in the estimate of the guaranteed residual value, or a change in the assessment of purchase, extension or termination option. When the lease liability is remeasured in this way, a corresponding adjustment is made to the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset or is recorded in profit or loss if the carrying amount of the right-of-use asset has been reduced to zero.

The right-of-use asset is measured by applying cost model i.e. right-of-use asset at cost less accumulated depreciation and cumulative impairment, if any. The right-of-use asset is depreciated using the straight-line method from the commencement date to the end of the lease term or useful life of the underlying asset whichever is earlier. Carrying amount of lease liability is increased by interest on lease liability and reduced by lease payments made.

Lease payments associated with following leases are recognised as expense on straight-line basis:

(i) Low value leases; and

(ii) Leases which are short-term.

Assets given on lease are classified either as operating lease or as finance lease. A lease is classified as a finance lease if it transfers substantially all the risks and rewards incidental to ownership of an underlying asset. Asset held under finance lease is initially recognised

in balance sheet and presented as a receivable at an amount equal to the net investment in the lease. Finance income is recognised over the lease term, based on a pattern reflecting a constant periodic rate of return on Company's net investment in the lease. A lease which is not classified as a finance lease is an operating lease.

The Company recognises lease payments in case of assets given on operating leases as income on a straight-line basis. The Company presents underlying assets subject to operating lease in its balance sheet under the respective class of asset.

(Also refer to policy on depreciation, supra).

(m) Financial instruments

Financial assets and/or financial liabilities are recognised when the Company becomes party to a contract embodying the related financial instruments. All financial assets, financial liabilities and financial guarantee contracts are initially measured at fair value excepting for trade receivables not containing a significant financing component are initially measured at transaction price. Transaction costs that are attributable to the acquisition or issue of financial assets and financial liabilities (other than financial assets and financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss) are added to or deducted from as the case may be, the fair value of such financial assets or liabilities, on initial recognition. Transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition of financial assets or financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss are recognised in profit or loss.

In case of funding to subsidiary companies in the form of interest free or concession loans and preference shares, the excess of the actual amount of the funding over initially measured fair value is accounted as an equity investment.

A financial asset and a financial liability is offset and presented on net basis in the balance sheet when there is a current legally enforceable right to set-off the recognised amounts and it is intended to either settle on net basis or to realise the asset and settle the liability simultaneously.

(i) Financial assets:

A. All recognised financial assets are subsequently measured in their entirety either at amortised cost or at fair value as follows:

1. Investments in debt instruments that are designated as fair value through profit or loss (FVTPL) - at fair value. Debt instruments at FVTPL is a residual category for debt instruments, if any, and all changes are recognised in profit or loss.

2. Investments in debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at amortised cost (unless the same designated as fair value through profit or loss):

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is to hold assets in order to collect contractual cash flows; and

• The contractual terms of instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

3. Investment in debt instruments that meet the following conditions are subsequently measured at fair value through other comprehensive income [FVTOCI] (unless the same are designated as fair value through profit or loss)

• The asset is held within a business model whose objective is achieved both by collecting contractual cash flows and selling financial assets; and

• The contractual terms of instrument give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding.

4. Investment in equity instruments issued by subsidiary, associate and joint venture companies are measured at cost less impairment.

5. Investment in preference shares of the subsidiary companies are treated as equity instruments if the same are convertible into equity shares or are redeemable out of the proceeds of equity instruments issued for the purpose of redemption of such investments. Investment in preference shares not meeting the aforesaid conditions are classified as debt instruments at FVTPL.

6. Investments in equity instruments issued by other than subsidiaries are classified as at FVTPL, unless the related instruments are not held for trading and the Company irrevocably elects on initial recognition to present subsequent changes in fair value in Other Comprehensive Income.

7. Trade receivables, security deposits, cash and cash equivalents, employee and other advances - at amortised cost.

B. For financial assets that are measured at FVTOCI, income by way of interest and dividend, provision for impairment and

exchange difference, if any, (on debt instrument) are recognised in profit or loss and changes in fair value (other than on

account of above income or expense) are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in other equity. On disposal of debt instruments at FVTOCI, the cumulative gain or loss previously accumulated in other equity is reclassified to profit or loss. In case of equity instruments at FVTOCI, such cumulative gain or loss is not reclassified to profit or loss on disposal of investments.

C. A financial asset is primarily derecognised when:

1. the right to receive cash flows from the asset has expired, or

2. the Company has transferred its rights to receive cash flows from the asset or has assumed an obligation to pay the received cash flows in full without material delay to a third party under a pass-through arrangement; and (a) the Company has transferred substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, or (b) the Company has neither transferred nor retained substantially all the risks and rewards of the asset, but has transferred control of the asset.

On derecognition of a financial asset in its entirety, the difference between the carrying amount at the date of derecognition and the consideration received is recognised in profit or loss.

D. Impairment of financial assets: Impairment loss on trade receivables is recognised using expected credit loss model, which involves use of a provision matrix constructed on the basis of historical credit loss experience as permitted under Ind AS 109 and is adjusted for forward looking information. Impairment loss on investments is recognised when the carrying amount exceeds its recoverable amount. For all other financial assets, expected credit losses are recognised based on the difference between the contractual cashflows and all the expected cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate. ECLs are measured at an amount equal to 12-month expected credit losses or at an amount equal to lifetime expected credit losses if the credit risk on the financial asset has increased significantly since initial recognition.

(ii) Financial liabilities:

A. Financial liabilities, including derivatives and embedded derivatives, which are designated for measurement at FVTPL are subsequently measured at fair value. Financial guarantee contracts are subsequently measured at the amount of impairment loss allowance or the amount recognised at inception net of cumulative amortisation, whichever is higher. All other financial liabilities including loans and borrowings are measured at amortised cost using Effective Interest Rate (EIR) method.

B. A financial liability is derecognised when the related obligation expires or is discharged or cancelled.

(iii) The Company designates certain hedging instruments, such as derivatives, embedded derivatives and in respect of foreign currency risk, certain non-derivatives, as either fair value hedges, cash flow hedges or hedges of net investments in foreign operations. Hedges of foreign exchange risk on firm commitments are accounted as cash flow hedges.

A. Fair value hedges: Changes in fair value of the designated portion of derivatives that qualify as fair value hedges are recognised in profit or loss immediately, together with any changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. The fair value adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item arising from the hedged risk is amortised to profit or loss from that date.

B. Cash flow hedges: In case of transaction related hedges, the effective portion of changes in the fair value of derivatives that are designated and qualify as cash flow hedges is recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity as 'hedging reserve'. The gain or loss relating to the ineffective portion is recognised immediately in profit or loss. Amounts previously recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity relating to the effective portion, are reclassified to profit or loss in the periods when the hedged item affects profit or loss, in the same head as the hedged item. The effective portion of the hedge is determined at the lower of the cumulative gain or loss on the hedging instrument from inception of the hedge and the cumulative change in the fair value of the hedged item from the inception of the hedge and the remaining gain or loss on the hedging instrument is treated as ineffective portion.

In case of time period related hedges, the premium element and the spot element of a forward contract is separated and only the change in the value of the spot element of the forward contract is designated as the hedging instrument. Similarly, wherever applicable, the foreign currency basis spread is separated from the financial instrument and is excluded from the designation of that financial instrument as the hedging instrument in case of time period related hedges. The changes in the fair value of the premium element of the forward contract or the foreign currency basis spread of the financial instrument is

accumulated in a separate component of equity as "cost of hedging reserve". The changes in the fair value of such premium element or foreign currency basis spread are reclassified to profit or loss as a reclassification adjustment on a straight-line basis over the period of the forward contract or the financial instrument.

The cash flow hedges are allocated to the forecast transactions on gross exposure basis. Where the hedged forecast transaction results in the recognition of a non-financial asset, such gains/losses are transferred from hedge reserve (but not as reclassification adjustment) and included in the initial measurement cost of the non-financial asset.

Hedge accounting is discontinued when the hedging instrument expires or is sold, terminated, or exercised, or when it no longer qualifies for hedge accounting. Any gain or loss recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity at that time remains in equity and is recognised when the forecast transaction is ultimately recognised in profit or loss. When a forecast transaction is no longer expected to occur, the gain or loss accumulated in equity is recognised in profit or loss.

(iv) Compound financial instruments issued by the Company which can be converted into fixed number of equity shares at the option of the holders irrespective of changes in the fair value of the instrument are accounted by recognising the liability and the equity components separately. The liability component is initially recognised at the fair value of a comparable liability that does not have an equity conversion option. The equity component is initially recognised at the difference between the fair value of the compound financial instrument as a whole and the fair value of the liability component. The directly attributable transaction costs are allocated to the liability and the equity components in proportion to their initial carrying amounts. Subsequent to initial recognition, the liability component of the compound financial instrument is measured at amortised cost using the effective interest method. The equity component of a compound financial instrument is not remeasured subsequently.

(n) Inventories

Inventories are valued after providing for obsolescence, as under:

(i) Raw materials, components, construction materials, stores, spares and loose tools at lower of weighted average cost or net realisable value. However, these items are considered to be realisable at cost if the finished products in which they will be used, are expected to be sold at or above cost.

(ii) Manufacturing work-in-progress at lower of weighted average cost including related overheads or net realisable value. In some cases, manufacturing work-in-progress are valued at lower of specifically identifiable cost or net realisable value. In the case of qualifying assets, cost also includes applicable borrowing costs vide policy relating to borrowing costs.

(iii) Finished goods and stock-in-trade (in respect of goods acquired for trading) at lower of weighted average cost or net realisable value. Cost includes costs of purchases, costs of conversion and other costs incurred in bringing the inventories to their present location. Taxes which are subsequently recoverable from taxation authorities are not included in the cost.

(iv) Completed property/work-in-progress (including land) in respect of property development activity at lower of specifically identifiable cost or net realisable value.

Assessment of net realisable value is made at each reporting period end and when the circumstances that previously caused inventories to be written-down below cost no longer exist or when there is clear evidence of an increase in net realisable value because of changed economic circumstances, the write-down, if any, in the past period is reversed to the extent of the original amount written-down so that the resultant carrying amount is the lower of the cost and the revised net realisable value.

(o) Cash and bank balances

Cash and bank balances include fixed deposits, margin money deposits, earmarked balances with banks and other bank balances which have restrictions on repatriation. Short-term and liquid investments being subject to more than insignificant risk of change in value, are not included as part of cash and cash equivalents.

(p) Securities premium

(i) Securities premium includes:

A. The difference between the face value of the equity shares and the consideration received in respect of shares issued.

B. The fair value of the stock options which are treated as expense, if any, in respect of shares allotted pursuant to Stock Options Scheme.

(ii) The issue expenses of securities which qualify as equity instruments are written off against securities premium.

(q) Borrowing Costs

Borrowing costs include finance costs calculated using the effective interest method, finance charges in respect of assets acquired on lease and exchange differences arising on foreign currency borrowings to the extent they are regarded as an adjustment to finance costs. In cases where hedging instruments are acquired for protection against exchange rate risk related to borrowings and are accounted as hedging a time-period related hedge item, the borrowing costs also include the amortisation of premium element of the forward contract and foreign currency basis spread as applicable, over the period of the hedging instrument.

Borrowing costs net of any investment income from the temporary investment of related borrowings that are attributable to the acquisition, construction or production of a qualifying asset are capitalised/inventorised as part of cost of such asset till such time the asset is ready for its intended use or sale. A qualifying asset is an asset that necessarily requires a substantial period of time to get ready for its intended use or sale. All other borrowing costs are recognised in profit or loss in the period in which they are incurred.

(r) Share-based payment arrangements

The stock options granted to employees in terms of the Company's Stock Options Schemes, are measured at the fair value of the options at the grant date. The fair value of the options is treated as discount and accounted as employee compensation cost over the vesting period on a straight-line basis. The amount recognised as expense in each year is arrived at based on the number of grants expected to vest. If a grant lapses after the vesting period, the cumulative discount recognised as expense in respect of such grant is transferred to the general reserve within equity.

The fair value of the stock options granted to employees of the Company by the Company's subsidiaries is accounted as employee compensation cost over the vesting period and where such fair value is not recovered by the subsidiaries, the same is treated as dividend declared by them. The share- based payment equivalent to the fair value as on the date of grant of employee stock options granted to key managerial personnel is disclosed as a related party transaction in the year of grant.

The dilutive effect of outstanding options is reflected as additional share dilution in the computation of diluted earnings per share.

(s) Foreign currencies

(i) The functional currency and presentation currency of the Company is Indian Rupee.

(ii) Transactions in currencies other than the Company's functional currency are recorded on initial recognition using the exchange rate at the transaction date. At each Balance Sheet date, foreign currency monetary items are reported at the closing spot rate. Non-monetary items that are measured in terms of historical cost in foreign currency are not translated. Exchange differences that arise on settlement of monetary items or on reporting of monetary items at each Balance Sheet date at the closing spot rate are recognised in the Statement of Profit and Loss in the period in which they arise except for:

A. exchange differences on foreign currency borrowings relating to assets under construction for future productive use, are included in the cost of those assets when such exchange differences are regarded as an adjustment to finance costs on those foreign currency borrowings; and

B. exchange differences on transactions entered into to hedge certain foreign currency risks.

(iii) exchange rate as of the date on which the non-monetary asset or non-monetary liability is recognised on payment or receipt of advance consideration is used for initial recognition of related asset, expense or income.

(iv) Financial statements of foreign operations whose functional currency is different than Indian Rupees are translated into Indian Rupees as follows:

A. assets and liabilities for each Balance Sheet presented are translated at the closing rate at the date of that Balance Sheet;

B. income and expenses for each income statement are translated at average exchange rate for the reporting period; and

C. all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income and accumulated in equity as foreign currency translation reserve for subsequent reclassification to profit or loss on disposal of such foreign operations.

(t) Accounting and reporting of information for Operating Segments

Operating segments are those components of the business whose operating results are regularly reviewed by the chief operating decision making body in the Company to make decisions for performance assessment and resource allocation.

The reporting of segment information is the same as provided to the management for the purpose of the performance assessment and resource allocation to the segments.

Segment accounting policies are in line with the accounting policies of the Company. In addition, the following specific accounting policies have been followed for segment reporting:

i) Segment revenue includes sales and other operational revenue directly identifiable with/allocable to the segment including inter segment revenue.

ii) Expenses that are directly identifiable with/allocable to segments are considered for determining the segment result.

iii) Most of the common costs are allocated to segments mainly on the basis of the respective segment revenue estimated at the beginning of the reporting period.

iv) Income which relates to the Company as a whole and not allocable to segments is included in "unallocable corporate income/ (expenditure)(net)".

v) Segment result represents profit before interest and tax and includes margins on inter-segment capital jobs, which are reduced in arriving at the profit before tax of the Company.

vi) Segment result includes the finance costs incurred on interest bearing advances with corresponding credit included in "unallocable corporate income/(expenditure)(net).

vii) Segment results have not been adjusted for any exceptional item.

viii) Segment assets and liabilities include those directly identifiable with the respective segments. Unallocable corporate assets and liabilities represent the assets and liabilities that relate to the Company as a whole.

ix) Segment non-cash expenses forming part of segment expenses includes the fair value of the employee stock options which is accounted as employee compensation cost [Note 1(ii)(r) supra] and is allocated to the segment.

x) Segment revenue resulting from transactions with other business segments is accounted on the basis of transfer price which are either determined to yield a desired margin or agreed on a negotiated basis.

(u) Taxes on income

Tax on income for the current period is determined on the basis of taxable income and tax credits computed in accordance with the provisions of the Income Tax Act,1961 and using estimates and judgments based on the expected outcome of assessments/appeals and the relevant rulings in the areas of allowances and disallowances.

Deferred tax is recognised on temporary differences between the carrying amounts of assets and liabilities in the Company's financial statements and the corresponding tax bases used in computation of taxable profit and quantified using the tax rates as per laws enacted or substantively enacted as on the Balance Sheet date.

Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences including the temporary differences associated with investments in subsidiaries and associates, and interests in joint ventures, except where the Company is able to control the reversal of the temporary difference and it is probable that the temporary difference will not reverse in the foreseeable future.

Deferred tax assets are generally recognised for all taxable temporary differences to the extent that is probable that taxable profits will be available against which those deductible temporary differences can be utilised. The carrying amount of deferred tax assets is reviewed at the end of each reporting period and reduced to the extent that it is no longer probable that sufficient taxable profits will be available to allow all or part of the asset to be recovered.

Transaction or event which is recognised outside profit or loss, either in other comprehensive income or in equity, is recorded along with the tax as applicable.

(v) Interests in joint operations

The Company as a joint operator recognises in relation to its interest in a joint operation, its share in the assets/liabilities held/ incurred jointly with the other parties of the joint arrangement. Revenue is recognised for its share of revenue from the sale of output by the joint operation. Expenses are recognised for its share of expenses incurred jointly with other parties as part of the joint arrangement.

Interests in joint operations are included in the segments to which they relate.

(w) Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets

Provisions are recognised only when:

(i) the Company has a present obligation (legal or constructive) as a result of a past event; and

(ii) it is probable that an outflow of resources embodying economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation; and

(iii) a reliable estimate can be made of the amount of the obligation.

Provision is measured using the cash flows estimated to settle the present obligation and when the effect of time value of money is material, the carrying amount of the provision is the present value of those cash flows. Reimbursement expected in respect of expenditure required to settle a provision is recognised only when it is virtually certain that the reimbursement will be received.

Contingent liability is disclosed in case of:

(i) a present obligation arising from past events, when it is not probable that an outflow of resources will be required to settle the obligation; and

(ii) a present obligation arising from past events, when no reliable estimate is possible.

Contingent assets are disclosed where an inflow of economic benefits is probable.

Provisions, contingent liabilities and contingent assets are reviewed at each Balance Sheet date.

Where the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under the contract exceed the economic benefits expected to be received under such contract, the present obligation under the contract is recognised and measured as a provision.

(x) Commitments

Commitments are future liabilities for contractual expenditure, classified and disclosed as follows:

(i) estimated amount of contracts remaining to be executed on capital account and not provided for;

(ii) uncalled liability on shares and other investments partly paid;

(iii) funding related commitment to subsidiary, associate and joint venture companies; and

(iv) other non-cancellable commitments, if any, to the extent they are considered material and relevant in the opinion of management. Other commitments related to sales/procurements made in the normal course of business are not disclosed to avoid excessive details.

(y) Discontinued operations and non-current assets held for sale

Discontinued operation is a component of the Company that has been disposed of or classified as held for sale and represents a major line of business.

Non-current assets and disposal groups are classified as held for sale if their carrying amount is intended to be recovered principally through a sale (rather than through continuing use) when the asset (or disposal group) is available for immediate sale in its present condition subject only to terms that are usual and customary for sale of such asset (or disposal group) and the sale is highly probable and is expected to qualify for recognition as a completed sale within one year from the date of classification.

Non-current assets and disposal groups classified as held for sale are measured at lower of their carrying amount and fair value less costs to sell.

(z) Statement of Cash Flows

Statement of Cash Flows is prepared segregating the cash flows into operating, investing and financing activities. Cash flow from operating activities is reported using indirect method, adjusting the profit before tax excluding exceptional items for the effects of:

(i) changes during the period in inventories and operating receivables and payables;

(ii) non-cash items such as depreciation, provisions, unrealised foreign currency gains and losses; and

(iii) all other items for which the cash effects are investing or financing cash flows.

Cash and cash equivalents (including bank balances) shown in the Statement of Cash Flows exclude items which are not available for general use as at the date of Balance Sheet.

(aa) Key sources of estimation

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with Ind AS requires that the management of the Company makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of income and expenses of the period, the reported balances of assets and liabilities and the disclosures relating to contingent liabilities as of the date of the financial statements. The estimates and underlying assumptions made by management are explained under respective policies. Revisions to accounting estimates include useful lives of property, plant and equipment & intangible assets, allowance for expected credit loss, future obligations in respect of retirement benefit plans, expected cost of completion of contracts, provision for rectification costs, fair value/recoverable amount measurement, etc. Difference, if any, between the actual results and estimates is recognised in the period in which the results are known.

(ab) Business Combination

Common control business combination is accounted using the pooling of interest method where the Company is transferee. Assets and liabilities of the combining entities are reflected at their carrying amounts and no new asset or liability is recognised. Identity of reserves of the transferor company is preserved by reflecting them in the same form in the Company's financial statements in which they appeared in the financial statements of the transferor company. The excess between the amount of consideration paid over the share capital of the transferor company is recognised as a negative amount and the same is disclosed as capital reserve on business combination.

The financial information in the financial statements in respect of prior periods is restated from the beginning of the preceding period in the financial statements if the business combination date is prior to that date. However, if business combination date is after that date, the financial information in the financial statements is restated from the date of business combination.

The gain/loss net of tax on transfer of business within common control entities is recognised in the statement of profit and loss account by the transferor entity.

(ac) Recent pronouncements:

On March 31,2023, Ministry of Corporate Affairs amended the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Rules, 2015 by issuing the Companies (Indian Accounting Standards) Amendment Rules, 2023, which becomes effective from April 1,2023. The gist of the amendments is as follows:

• Ind AS 1, Presentation of Financial Statements - It is specified when the accounting policy information is material, and the requirement to disclose significant accounting policies is substituted with the disclosure of material accounting policy information.

• Ind AS 8, Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Errors - The definition of "change in accounting estimate" is substituted with the definition of "accounting estimates". Accounting estimates are monetary amounts in financial statements that are subject to measurement uncertainty.

• Ind AS 12, Income Taxes - it is required to recognise deferred tax liability or asset for all temporary differences arising from initial recognition of an asset or liability in a transaction that gives rise to equal taxable and deductible temporary differences.

The above amendments will not have material impact on Company's Financial Statements.